Novel frameworks as a source of high-affinity ligands

The past year has seen further maturation of the techniques used to display populations of proteins and peptides and to select members with desired properties. Many protein domains have now been displayed on genetic packages, diverse populations have been made, and binders with specific useful properties have been selected. Affinity maturation has been demonstrated so that binding in the low nanomolar to subnanomolar range by non-antibodies is now achievable.