Adenosine transport and metabolism in mouse leukemia cells and in canine thymocytes and peripheral blood leukocytes.

The intracellular accumulation of free [³H] adenosine was measured by rapid kinetic techniques in P388 murine leukemia cells in which adenosine metabolism (phosphorylation and deamination) was completely prevented by depletion of cellular ATP and by treatment with deoxycoformycin. Nonlinear regression of integrated rate equations on the data demonstrate that the time courses of labeled adenosine accumulation at various extracellular adenosine concentrations in zero-trans and equilibrium exchange protocols are well described by a simple, completely symmetrical, transport model with a carrier:substrate affinity constant of about 150 μM. Adenosine transport was not affected by 1 mM deoxycoformycin indicating that this analog has a low affinity for the nucleoside transport system. The transport capacity of dog thymocytes and peripheral leukocytes was similar to that of P388 cells. Transport was not inhibited by deoxycoformycin and remained constant during the first two hours after mitogenic stimulation with concanavalin A. In untreated, metabolizing P388 cells transport was found to be the major determinant of the rate of intracellular metabolism, regardless of the extracellular adenosine concentration (up to at least 160 μM), but the long-term accumulation (longer than 30–60 seconds) of radioactivity from extracellular adenosine strictly reflected the rate of formation of nucleotides (mainly ATP). The metabolism of adenosine by whole cells was entirely consistent with the kinetic properties of the transport system and those of the metabolic enzymes. At low exogenous adenosine concentrations (1 μM and below) transport was slow enough to allow direct phosphorylation of most of the entering adenosine. The remainder was deaminated and rapidly converted to nucleotides via inosine, hypoxanthine, and IMP. At concentrations of 100 μM or higher, on the other hand, influx exceeded the maximum velocity of adenosine kinase about 100 times so that most of the entering adenosine was deaminated. But since the maximum velocity of adenosine deaminase exceeded those of nucleoside phosphorylase and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase about 5 and 100 times, respectively, hypoxanthine and inosine rapidly exited from the cells and accumulated in the medium. A 98% reduction of adenosine transport (at 100 μM), caused by the transport inhibitor Persantin, inhibited adenosine deamination by whole cells to about the same extent as transport, whereas adenosine phosphorylation was relatively little affected; thus in the presence of Persantin, transport and metabolism resembled that occurring at the low adenosine concentration. These and other results indicate that adenosine deamination is an event distinct from transport, which occurs only subsequent to adenosine's transport into the cell.