p38 MAPK autophosphorylation drives macrophage IL-12 production during intracellular infection

The intracellular protozoan Toxoplasma gondii triggers rapid MAPK activation in mouse macrophages (Mphi). We used synthetic inhibitors and dominant-negative Mphi mutants to demonstrate that T. gondii triggers IL-12 production in dependence upon p38 MAPK. Chemical inhibition of stress-activated protein kinase/JNK showed that this MAPK was also required for parasite-triggered IL-12 production. Examination of upstream MAPK kinases (MKK) 3, 4, and 6 that function as p38 MAPK activating kinases revealed that parasite infection activates only MKK3. Nevertheless, in MKK3(-/-) Mphi, p38 MAPK activation was near normal and IL-12 production was unaffected. Recently, MKK-independent p38alpha MAPK activation via autophosphorylation was described. Autophosphorylation depends upon p38alpha MAPK association with adaptor protein, TGF-beta-activated protein kinase 1-binding protein-1. We observed TGF-beta-activated protein kinase 1-binding protein-1-p38alpha MAPK association that closely paralleled p38 MAPK phosphorylation during Toxoplasma infection of Mphi. Furthermore, a synthetic p38 catalytic-site inhibitor blocked tachyzoite-induced p38alpha MAPK phosphorylation. These data are the first to demonstrate p38 MAPK autophosphorylation triggered by intracellular infection.