Free radical-mediated degradation of proteins: the protective and deleterious effects of membranes

Lipid membranes have been shown to scavenge free radicals generated by various means. However, under oxidative conditions, unsaturated lipids within membranes can produce damaging free radicals. We have determined the relative importance of these two conflicting properties of lipid membranes with the use of liposomal membrane studies. (1) Liposome membranes can protect extra-liposomal albumin from free radicals derived from sources other than peroxidizing lipid. When albumin or copper (an essential component of the free radical generating systems used) were encapsulated, protein damage was further reduced. (2) Using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) we demonstrate that the exposure of albumin to peroxidizing liposome membranes results in both cross-linking and degradation. Our results indicate that protein damage is substantially less than in the case of other biologically relevant free radical generating systems. We discuss our findings with respect to membrane function and the in vivo exposure of cells to free radicals.