Optimization of growing conditions for pigments production from microalga Navicula incerta using response surface methodology and its antioxidant capacity |
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Authors: | Ricardo Iván González-Vega José Luis Cárdenas-López José Antonio López-Elías Saúl Ruiz-Cruz Aline Reyes-Díaz Liliana Maribel Perez-Perez Francisco Javier Cinco-Moroyoqui Ramón Enrique Robles-Zepeda Jesús Borboa-Flores Carmen Lizette Del-Toro-Sánchez |
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Affiliation: | 1. Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales SN, Centro, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico;2. Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de Febrero 818 Sur, Centro, 85000 Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico |
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Abstract: | Navicula incerta is a marine microalga distributed in Baja California, México, commonly used in aquaculture nutrition, and has been extended to human food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries due to its high biological activity. Therefore, the study aimed to optimize culture conditions to produce antioxidant pigments. A central composite experimental design and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze the best culture conditions. The medium (nitrogen-deficient concentrations), salinity (PSU = Practical Salinity Unity [g/kg]), age of culture (days), and solvent extraction (ethanol, methanol, and acetone) were the factors used for the experiment. Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and total carotenoids (T-Car), determined spectroscopically, were used as the response variables. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH? and ABTS?+ radical inhibition, FRAP, and anti-hemolytic activity. According to the overlay plots, the optimum growth conditions for Chl a and T-Car production were the following conditions: medium = 0.44 mol·L-1 of NaNO3, salinity = 40 PSU, age of culture: 3.5 days, and solvent = methanol. The pigment extracts obtained in these optimized conditions had high antioxidant activity in ABTS?+ (86.2–92.1% of inhibition) and anti-hemolytic activity (81.8–96.7% of hemolysis inhibition). Low inhibition (33–35%) was observed in DPPH?. The highest value of FRAP (766.03 ± 16.62 μmol TE/g) was observed in the acetonic extract. The results demonstrated that RSM could obtain an extract with high antioxidant capacity with potential applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industry, which encourages the use of natural resources for chemoprevention of chronic-degenerative pathologies. |
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Keywords: | Optimization Response surface methodology Pigment production Antioxidant capacity Chemoprevention CP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0040" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" crude protein CL" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0050" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" crude lipid RSM" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0060" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" response surface methodology T-Car" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0080" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" total carotenoids PSU" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0090" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" salinity expressed as practical salinity unity (g/kg) CCD" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0100" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" central composite design CICECE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0110" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada AOAC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0120" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" Association of Official Analytical Chemists DOE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0130" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" design of experiment ANOVA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0140" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" analysis of variance FRAP" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0150" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" ferric reducing antioxidant power DPPH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0160" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ABTS" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0170" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazolin)-6-sulfonic acid AAPH" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0180" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" (2,2′-azobis-[2-methylpropionamidine]) RBC" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0190" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" red blood cells EDTA" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0200" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" ethylenediaminetetraacetic AOX" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0210" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" antioxidant TE" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0220" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" trolox equivalent Concentration mean inhibitory SET" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0240" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" single electron transfer HAT" },{" #name" :" keyword" ," $" :{" id" :" k0250" }," $$" :[{" #name" :" text" ," _" :" hydrogen atom transfer |
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