Urethrographic examinations: Patient and staff exposures and associated radiobiological risks |
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| Authors: | M Alkhorayef A Sulieman H Barakat HI Al-Mohammed K Theodorou C Kappas D Bradley |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;2. Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;3. Medical Physics Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan;4. Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;5. Department of Medical Physics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece;6. Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK;7. Sunway University, Centre for Biomedical Physics, Jalan Universiti, 46150 PJ, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | Medical exposure of the general population due to radiological investigations is the foremost source of all artificial ionising radiation. Here, we focus on a particular diagnostic radiological procedure, as only limited data are published with regard to radiation measurements during urethrograpic imaging. Specifically, this work seeks to estimate patient and occupational effective doses during urethrographic procedures at three radiology hospitals. Both staff and patient X-ray exposure levels were calculated in terms of entrance surface air kerma (ESAK), obtained by means of lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100(LiF:Mg:Cu.P)) for 243 urethrographic examinations. Patient radiation effective doses per procedure were estimated using conversion factors obtained from the use of Public Health England computer software. In units of mGy, the median and range of ESAK per examination were found to be 10.8 (3.6–26.2), 7.0 (0.2–32.3), and 24.3 (9.0–32.0) in Hospitals A, B, and C, respectively. The overall mean and range of staff doses (in µGy) were found to be 310 (4.0–1750) per procedure. With the exception of hospital C, the present evaluations of radiation dose have been found to be similar to those of previously published research. The wide range of patient and staff doses illustrate the need for radiation dose optimisation. |
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| Keywords: | ESAK Patient dose Occupational risk Effective dose Urethrography Radiation risk |
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