Dynamic control of TGF-beta signaling and its links to the cytoskeleton |
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| Authors: | Moustakas Aristidis Heldin Carl-Henrik |
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| Affiliation: | Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 595, Biomedical Center, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden. aris.moustakas@licr.uu.se |
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| Abstract: | Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) regulates cellular behavior in embryonic and adult tissues. TGF-beta binding to serine/threonine kinase receptors on the plasma membrane activates Smad molecules and additional signaling proteins that coordinately regulate gene expression or cytoplasmic processes such as cytoskeletal dynamics. In turn, the activity and duration of the Smad pathway seems to be regulated by cytoskeletal components, which facilitate the shuttling process that segregates Smad proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleus. We discuss mechanisms and models that aim at explaining the coordination between several components of the signaling network downstream of the TGF-beta signal. |
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| Keywords: | ALK, activin receptor-like kinase αSMA, α-smooth muscle actin BMP, bone morphogenetic protein Dpp, decapentaplegic EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition FGF, fibroblast growth factor GDF, growth differentiation factor GEF, guanine exchange factor GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase NES, nuclear export signal NLS, nuclear localization signal PI3K, phospho-inositide 3′-kinase RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase SBE, Smad-binding element TAK1, TGF-β-activated kinase 1 TGF-β, transforming growth factor β |
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