Isotope fractionation by plants and animals: implications for nutrition research

The isotopic compositions of animal tissues, minerals, and fluids reflect those of ingested food and water and inhaled gases. This relationship is illustrated by a review of data pertaining to five light elements of biological interest (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulphur). Processes affecting the isotopic composition of inorganic compounds in reservoirs are summarized, and isotope fractionation during transfer of elements from these inorganic reservoirs through progressive trophic levels of food webs is discussed. Variability of delta values within and among individuals, populations, and species of plants and animals is attributed to at least six factors: locality, dietary selectivity, biochemical composition of food, isotope effects in metabolic processes, turnover rates, and stress. Features of a variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are used to illustrate basic concepts. Future research should seek to clarify specific mechanisms affecting delta values during the transfer of elements through food webs.