Reprint of: The ins and outs of water dynamics in cold tolerant soil invertebrates |
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| Institution: | 1. Romanian Academy, Institute of Physical Chemistry “Ilie Murgulescu”, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;2. Polymer Department, National R&D Institute for Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania;3. University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Polizu 1, 78126 Bucharest, Romania;1. Department of Physics, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, 522510 Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India;2. Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India;3. Department of Physics, Kakani Venkata Ratnam College, Nandigama 521185, Andhra Pradesh, India;4. Department of Physics, Andhra Loyola College, Vijayawada 520008, Andhra Pradesh, India;1. Institute of Photonics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;1. Antarctic Climate Ecosystems CRC, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 80, Hobart, 7001, Australia;2. School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78 Hobart, 7001, Australia;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Many soil invertebrates have physiological characteristics in common with freshwater animals and represent an evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial life forms. Their high cuticular permeability and ability to tolerate large modifications of internal osmolality are of particular importance for their cold tolerance. A number of cold region species that spend some or most of their life-time in soil are in more or less intimate contact with soil ice during overwintering. Unless such species have effective barriers against cuticular water-transport, they have only two options for survival: tolerate internal freezing or dehydrate. The risk of internal ice formation may be substantial due to inoculative freezing and many species rely on freeze-tolerance for overwintering. If freezing does not occur, the desiccating power of external ice will cause the animal to dehydrate until vapor pressure equilibrium between body fluids and external ice has been reached. This cold tolerance mechanism is termed cryoprotective dehydration (CPD) and requires that the animal must be able to tolerate substantial dehydration. Even though CPD is essentially a freeze-avoidance strategy the associated physiological traits are more or less the same as those found in freeze tolerant species. The most well-known are accumulation of compatible osmolytes and molecular chaperones reducing or protecting against the stress caused by cellular dehydration. Environmental moisture levels of the habitat are important for which type of cold tolerance is employed, not only in an evolutionary context, but also within a single population. Some species use CPD under relatively dry conditions, but freeze tolerance when soil moisture is high. |
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| Keywords: | Arctic environments Cryoprotective dehydration Compatible osmolytes Freeze tolerance Soil invertebrates |
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