Thermal exposure of adult Chinook salmon in the Willamette River basin |
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| Institution: | 1. Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, P.O. Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark;2. Eecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colone By Dr., Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;3. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) Secretariat, Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, N-9296 Tromsø, Norway;4. Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9,Canada;5. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Unit for Arctic Ecology, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromso, Norway;6. Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9007 Tromsø, Norway;7. Fram Centre and Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø NO-9296, Norway;8. Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;9. Department of Arctic Technology, University Centre in Svalbard, NO-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway;10. Alberta Environment and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, 3535 Research Road NW, University Research Park, Calgary AB T2L 2K8, Canada;11. University of Michigan, School for Environment and Sustainability, 440 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;12. Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway;13. Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O Box 1066 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway;14. Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3089, Storrs, CT 06269-3089, USA;15. University of Copenhagen, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark;p. Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada.;q. Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;r. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon Field Station, 800 Business Park Drive, Suite D, Dixon, California 95620, USA;s. Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 570, DK-3900 Nuuk, Greenland;t. Tromsø University Museum, Tromsø, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway;u. Dep. of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50 007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;v. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories, P.O. Box 2749, Shell Lake, Inuvik X0E 0T0, NT, Canada;w. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA;x. Environment Agency, Traðagøta 38, P.O. Box 2048, FO-165 Argir, Faroe Islands;y. U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA;z. Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada;11. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Subsistence Management, 1011 E. Tudor Rd., MS-121, Anchorage, AK 99503, USA;12. Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada;13. Gamberg Consulting, Box 30130, Whitehorse, Yukon Y1A 5M2, Canada;14. Environmental Research & Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, PO Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden;15. Syngenta Canada Inc., 140 Research Ln, Guelph, ON N1G 4Z3, Canada;16. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC H2Y 2E7, Canada;17. Oregon State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;18. NIVA, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway;19. Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 501 University Cres., Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada;110. Coastal Wetland Ecosystems, Biology Department, Acadia University, 15 University Drive, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada;111. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington L7S 1A1, Ontario, Canada;112. Alaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, AK 99508, United States;113. Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada;114. Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway;115. Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 415C-300 Main Street, Whitehorse, YT Y1A 2B5, Canada;1p. COWI Norge, Karvesvingen 2, 0579 Oslo, Norway;1q. Centre for Geogenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark (''Geologisk Museum''), Øster Voldgade 5-7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark;1r. National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 8156 dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway;1s. Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre, 80 East White Hills vie, Newfoundland and Labrador, St John''s A1C 5X1, Department DFO-MPO, Canada;1t. Centre for Earth Observation Sciences (CEOS), Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth and Resources, University of Manitoba, 586 Wallace Bld, 125 Dysart Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada;1u. Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Str. 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany;1v. Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Skúlagata 4, 101Reykjavík, Iceland |
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| Abstract: | Radiotelemetry and archival temperature loggers were used to reconstruct the thermal experience of adult spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the highly regulated Willamette River system in Oregon. The study population is threatened and recovery efforts have been hampered by episodically high prespawn mortality that is likely temperature mediated. Over three years, 310 salmon were released with thermal loggers and 68 were recovered in spawning tributaries, primarily at hatchery trapping facilities downstream from high-head dams. More than 190,000 internal body temperature records were collected (mean ~2800 per fish) and associated with 14 main stem and tributary reaches. Most salmon experienced a wide temperature range (minima ~8–10 °C; maxima ~13–22 °C) and 65% encountered potentially stressful conditions (≥18 °C). The warmest salmon temperatures were in lower Willamette River reaches, where some fish exhibited short-duration behavioral thermoregulation. Cumulative temperature exposure, measured by degree days (DD) above 0 °C, varied more than seven-fold among individuals (range=208–1498 DDs) and more than two-fold among sub-basin populations, on average. Overall, ~72% of DDs accrued in tributaries and ~28% were in the Willamette River main stem. DD differences among individuals and populations were related to migration distance, migration duration, and salmon trapping protocols (i.e., extended pre-collection holding in tributaries versus hatchery collection shortly after tributary entry). The combined data provide spatially- and temporally-referenced information on both short-duration stressful temperature exposure and the biologically important total exposure. Thermal exposure in this population complex proximately influences adult salmon physiology, maturation, and disease processes and ultimately affects prespawn mortality and fitness. The results should help managers develop more effective salmon recovery plans in basins with marginal thermal conditions. |
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| Keywords: | Archival tag Biologger Fitness Prespawn mortality Behavioral thermoregulation Thermal exposure |
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