Genetic diversity and population structure of the endemic Azorean juniper,Juniperus brevifolia (Seub.) Antoine,inferred from SSRs and ISSR markers |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Industrial Economics, The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, No. 2 Yuetan Beixiaojie, Xicheng District, 100836 Beijing, China.;2. International Business School Suzhou, Xi''an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren''ai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China.;3. National Institute of International Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, No.3 Zhangzizhong Road, Beijing 100007, China;1. Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Water Resource Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory, Hohhot 010018, China;2. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;1. Island Ecology and Biogeography Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), Avda. Astofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, La Laguna 38206, Canary Islands, Spain;2. Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, Biodiversity Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom;3. Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Post Box 7803, N-5020, Norway;4. Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom;5. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | Juniperus brevifolia is an important woody species endemic of the Azores archipelago (Portugal), found from coastal to mountain environments. Due to colonization and grazing pressure this species has suffered fragmentation, leading to extinction in one island and being threatened in others. The genetic diversity and population structure of J. brevifolia populations was studied to provide guidelines for restoration and conservation programmes. Nuclear Single Sequence Repeats (nSSR) from Juniperus communis and Juniperus przewalskii and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) were tested and results compared to test the transferability of the microsatellites to J. brevifolia. Samples from ten populations over three islands, divided as coastal, mid-altitude and mountain were analysed. Both marker systems revealed results statistically and strongly correlated with each other, and not dependent on population sample size. We observed positive fixation indexes, moderate to high levels of genetic diversity (h = 0.415 for nSSR and h = 0.245 for ISSR), low to moderate φpt genetic differentiation (0.070 for nSSR and 0.129 for ISSR) and high gene flow (Nm > 2.432). Regarding Nei's genetic distance the coastal communities clustered together reflecting the phenotypic plasticity, but no specific clustering was observed regarding φpt values. Therefore no populations with substantial genetic differentiation were identified, once the diversity is mostly observed within populations. However it is advised the continuous monitoring of J. brevifolia. |
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| Keywords: | Azores Endemism Conservation Population genetics Molecular markers SSR transferability |
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