Chitosan permeabilizes the plasma membrane and kills cells of Neurospora crassa in an energy dependent manner |
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| Institution: | 1. Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK;2. Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) Ramón Margalef, Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain;1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA;3. California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;4. Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;5. Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China;2. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan 430070, PR China;1. College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea;4. Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea;1. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China;2. State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 310021 Hangzhou, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, 310006 Hangzhou, China;4. Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan;1. The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China;2. Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, United States;3. National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China;4. Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, United States |
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| Abstract: | Chitosan has been reported to inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in plant pathogens, but its mode of antifungal action is poorly understood. Following chitosan treatment, we characterized plasma membrane permeabilization, and cell death and lysis in the experimental model, Neurospora crassa. Rhodamine-labeled chitosan was used to show that chitosan is internalized by fungal cells. Cell viability stains and the calcium reporter, aequorin, were used to monitor plasma membrane permeabilization and cell death. Chitosan permeabilization of the fungal plasma membrane and its uptake into fungal cells was found to be energy dependent but not to involve endocytosis. Different cell types (conidia, germ tubes and vegetative hyphae) exhibited differential sensitivity to chitosan with ungerminated conidia being the most sensitive. |
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