Extraction of lipids and pigments of Chlorella vulgaris by supercritical carbon dioxide: influence of bead milling on extraction performance

The influence of bead milling on the extraction of lipids and pigments by supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated in this study. Different operating parameters for the 3-h process were first tested on raw Chlorella vulgaris; 600 bar was the optimum pressure at 60 °C with a carbon dioxide flow rate of 30 g min^?1. Under these operating conditions, 10 % of total lipid containing chlorophyll and carotenoids with 1.61 and 1.72 mg g^?1 dry weight of microalga, respectively, has been recovered. Microscopic observation was used to assess a cell wall breakage through bead milling, which produced positive results in terms of increasing the yield of biomolecules of interest. Thus, under the same operating conditions, the yield of total lipid extract, chlorophyll and carotenoids increased significantly. Moreover, the addition of a polar co-solvent to a raw microalga had a considerable effect on the final extract. Overall, the addition of 5 % w v^?1 ethanol to a raw microalga increased the total extract yield by 27 %, and bead milling increased the total extract yield by 16 %. Chlorophyll and carotenoids were also significantly affected by the addition of ethanol, with an 81 and 65 % increase with a raw microalga and a 61 and 52 % increase using bead milling, respectively.