Reinforcement processes in opiate addiction: A homeostatic model |
| |
Authors: | Gery Schulteis PhD George F Koob |
| |
Institution: | (1) Division of Psychopharmacology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA;(2) Neuroscience Group, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 3050 Science Park Road, 92121 San Diego, CA |
| |
Abstract: | The development of tolerance and dependence has traditionally been considered an integral aspect of the drug addiction process,
and opiate dependence has been studied extensively as a model system in this regard. However, recent emphasis on the positive
reinforcing properties of drugs has led to the suggestion that tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal may be of secondary or
even negligible importance in motivating compulsive drug use. The current article argues for an integrated view of addiction
in the form of a homeostatic neuroadaptation model which emphasizes the motivational significance of both the positive affective
state produced by opiates and the negative affective state characteristic of drug withdrawal. The model is supported by evidence
at both the behavioral and neural systems levels of analysis. Understanding the important distinction between somatic and
affective components of opiate withdrawal is key to recognizing the factors which contribute to the motivational significance
of opiate dependence and withdrawal. In addition, the critical role of conditioning processes in the maintenance of compulsive
drug use and relapse after periods of abstention is discussed. Finally, it is argued that both the positive reinforcement
produced by acute administration of a drug and the negative affective state produced by withdrawal are common to multiple
classes of abused drugs, suggesting that an understanding of homeostatic neuroadaptation within motivational systems provides
a key to the etiology, treatment and prevention of drug addiction.
Special issue dedicated to Dr. Eric J. Simon. |
| |
Keywords: | Opiates neuroadaptation drug dependence drug withdrawal opponent process addiction |
本文献已被 SpringerLink 等数据库收录! |
|