Mind the gap

The unmet needs of biomedical and clinical research are highlighted by reference to drug -induced liver injury(DILI), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its severe form, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Examples in these areas highlight the major limitations of animal models with respect to predicting, examining and managing these clinically significant forms of liver injury. The way in which these knowledge gaps are being bridged by studies involving the use of human tissues and primary cells are described.