Involvement of neurotransmitters in the action of apelin-13 on passive avoidance learning in mice |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary;2. Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary;1. Univ. Lille, EA4489 Environnement Périnatal et Santé, F-59000 Lille, France;2. CHU Lille, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Gynecology-Obstetrics, F-59000 Lille, France;3. Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive (IRSD), INSERM U1220, Toulouse, France;4. European Associated Laboratory « NeuroMicrobiota », France;1. Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, China;2. Neurobiology Institute, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China;3. Basic Medical Sciences, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China;1. Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;2. Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;3. Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;1. Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawiñskiego 5, PL 02-106 Warszawa, Poland;2. Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6701 Szeged, Hungary;3. Department of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, B 1050 Belgium;4. Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA |
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| Abstract: | The widespread distribution of apelin-13 and apelin receptors in the brain suggests an important function of this neuropeptide in the brain that has not been explored extensively so far. In the present work, apelin-13 was found to facilitate the consolidation of passive avoidance learning in mice. In order to assess the possible involvement of transmitters in this action, the animals were pretreated with the following receptor blockers in doses which themselves did not influence the behavioral paradigm: phenoxybenzamine (a nonselective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist), propranolol (a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist), cyproheptadine (a nonselective 5-HT2 serotonergic receptor antagonist), atropine (a nonselective muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist), haloperidol (a D2, D3 and D4 dopamine receptor antagonist), bicuculline (a γ-aminobutyric acid subunit A (GABA-A) receptor antagonist), naloxone (a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist), and nitro-l-arginine (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). Phenoxybenzamine, cyproheptadine, atropine, haloperidol, bicuculline and nitro-l-arginine prevented the action of apelin-13. Propranolol and naloxone were ineffective. The data suggest that apelin-13 elicits its action on the consolidation of passive avoidance learning via α-adrenergic, 5-HT2 serotonergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABA-A-ergic and nitric oxide mediations. |
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