Towards comprehensive and quantitative proteomics for diagnosis and therapy of human disease

Given superior analytical features, MS proteomics is well suited for the basic investigation and clinical diagnosis of human disease. Modern MS enables detailed functional characterization of the pathogenic biochemical processes, as achieved by accurate and comprehensive quantification of proteins and their regulatory chemical modifications. Here, we describe how high‐accuracy MS in combination with high‐resolution chromatographic separations can be leveraged to meet these analytical requirements in a mechanism‐focused manner. We review the quantification methods capable of producing accurate measurements of protein abundance and posttranslational modification stoichiometries. We then discuss how experimental design and chromatographic resolution can be leveraged to achieve comprehensive functional characterization of biochemical processes in complex biological proteomes. Finally, we describe current approaches for quantitative analysis of a common functional protein modification: reversible phosphorylation. In all, current instrumentation and methods of high‐resolution chromatography and MS proteomics are poised for immediate translation into improved diagnostic strategies for pediatric and adult diseases.