不同恢复措施对南滇池湿地冬季水禽多样性的影响

恢复受损湿地生态功能是国家湿地公园建设中的重要内容，修复措施的选用会对恢复效果产生重要影响。滇池是国内重要候鸟越冬区，受长期围垦以及城市扩张的影响，湖滨区域破坏严重，近年来湿地公园建设为滇池湖滨带恢复带来了契机，但各种恢复措施的效果仍有待明确。2017年冬季以昆明南滇池国家湿地公园及临近湿地为研究区域，设置了人工重建湿地、人工恢复湿地、自然恢复湿地以及自然湖泊湿地4个对照样区，基于冬季水禽多样性进行了湿地恢复效果评价，并从景观生态学角度对结果进行了分析。结果表明：自然湖泊湿地具有最高物种丰富度，其次为自然恢复湿地、人工恢复湿地和人工重建湿地。以Simpson多样性指数评价，自然恢复湿地的水禽多样性最高（0.60±0.03），其次为自然湖泊湿地（0.46±0.04）和人工恢复湿地（0.34±0.04），人工重建湿地水禽多样性最低（0.17±0.03），由此可见自然恢复措施效果优于人工恢复和人工重建。从景观格局上分析，水禽多样性与道路面积（r=-0.735，P<0.01）、景观形状指数（r=-0.461，P<0.01）和景观分离度指数（r=-0.661，P<0.01）负相关，这也表明人为干扰程度、景观形状以及破碎化程度均会对水禽造成重要影响。建议在国家湿地公园规划和建设中，降低非湿地类景观尤其是道路对整体湿地景观的分割作用，提高湿地斑块的连接性和完整性以满足水禽的空间需求，对于湖泊型的湿地公园应加强对湖滨带沼泽生境的营造，以满足涉禽的生存需求，从而增加区域的鸟类多样性。

Effects of different restoration measures on the wintering waterfowl diversity in southern Dianchi Wetland

Restoring the ecological functions of damaged wetlands is an important part of the construction of the National Wetland Park, and restoration measures will have an important impact on the restoration effect. Dianchi Lake is an important wintering area for migratory birds in China. Due to long-term reclamation and urban expansion, the lakeside area has been severely damaged. In recent years, construction of wetland parks has brought opportunities for the restoration of Dianchi Lakeside, but the effects of various restoration measures still need to be clarified. In the winter of 2017, Kunming Southern Dianchi Lake National Wetland Park and adjacent wetlands were used as the study area, and four control sample areas were set up:constructed wetlands, enhanced wetlands, natural restored wetlands, and natural lake wetlands. Based on winter waterfowl diversity, the effect of wetland restoration was evaluated from the perspective of landscape ecology. The results showed that the natural lake wetlands had the highest species richness, followed by natural restored wetlands, enhanced wetlands, and constructed wetlands. Based on the Simpson diversity index, the waterfowl diversity of naturally restored wetlands was the highest (0.60±0.03), followed by natural lake wetlands (0.46±0.04) and enhanced wetlands (0.34±0.04), while the waterfowl diversity of constructed wetlands was the lowest (0.17±0.03), which showed that the effect of natural restoration was better than enhancement and reconstruction. From the perspective of landscape pattern analysis, waterfowl diversity was negative correlated with road area (r=-0.735, P<0.01), landscape shape index (r=-0.461, P<0.01) and landscape splitting index (r=-0.661, P<0.01). It also indicated that the degree of human disturbance, the shape of the landscape and the degree of fragmentation all had important impacts on waterfowl diversity. It is recommended that in the planning and construction of the National Wetland Park, the division of non-wetland landscapes, especially roads, on the overall wetland landscape should be reduced, and the connectivity and integrity of wetland patches should be improved to meet the spatial needs of waterfowl. Lake-type wetland parks should strengthen the creation of marsh in the lakeside area to meet the needs of waders, thereby increasing local bird diversity.