Host-plant resistance of sorghum: Differential hydrolysis of sorghum pectic substances by polysaccharases of greenbug biotypes (Schizaphis graminum,homoptera: Aphididae)

Pectic substances extracted from different varieties of sorghum are hydrolyzed at differing rates by unfractionated polysaccharases isolated from two biotypes (C, GBC; and E, GBE) of the sorghum pest, Schizaphis graminum (the greenbug). A higher degree of susceptibility of a sorghum variety is associated with a greater rate of hydrolysis of sorghum pectic substances by a greenbug biotype. Increases in the specific activity of polysaccharases on the pectic substances from a resistant sorghum variety are dependent on the duration that a biotype is maintained as a colony on that variety. Polysaccharase activity of GBE on arabinogalactan was significantly greater than GBC. However, there were no differences between the biotypes on the depolymerization of a variety of other plant matrix polysaccharides and a synthetic polysaccharide. The sequence of substrates of increasing refractoriness to hydrolysis are: arabinogalactan < microcrystalline cellulose < xylan < pectin < 2,3-diacetyl pectin < α-1,4-galacturonan. Pectic substances from sorghum varieties resistant to GBC but susceptible to GBE are relatively lower in arabinogalactan with elevated levels of uronic acid (UA) compared to varieties susceptible to both biotypes. A sorghum variety resistant to both GBC and GBE was lowest in levels of arabinogalactan, highest in UA, and highest in fructan content, which in the other varieties occurred only in trace amounts. Pectic composition of rhamnose, xylose, and glucose showed no relationship to resistance. Bound phenolics (potential inhibitors of enzyme activity) were not detected in any of the sorghum pectic substances. The relationship of plant matrix polysaccharides to host-plant aphid biotype compatibility is discussed.