Disorders of vesicles of lysosomal lineage: the Hermansky-Pudlak syndromes

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) has evolved into a group of genetically distinct disorders characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, a storage pool deficiency, and impaired formation or trafficking of intracellular vesicles. HPS-1 results from mutations in the HPS1 gene and affects approximately 400 individuals in northwest Puerto Rico due to a 16-bp duplication in exon 15. Another 13 mutations have been reported in non-Puerto Ricans. HPS1 codes for a 79.3 kDa cytoplasmic protein of unknown function. HPS-1 patients typically develop fatal pulmonary fibrosis in their fourth decade. HPS-2 is caused by mutations in ADTB3A, which codes for the beta3A subunit of the adaptor protein-3 complex, AP3. This coat protein complex has been localized to the TGN as well as to a peripheral endosomal compartment. Evidence indicates that AP3 plays a role in the stepwise process of vesicular trafficking which leads to formation of the melanosomal, platelet dense body and lysosomal compartments. All three known HPS-2 patients had childhood neutropenia and infections. HPS-3 results from mutations in HPS3 and affects central Puerto Ricans homozygous for a 3904-bp deletion removing exon 1. At least 8 non-Puerto Rican patients have other HPS3 mutations, including an IVS5+1G->A splicing mutation in five Ashkenazi Jewish patients. HPS3 codes for a 113.7 kDa protein of unknown function. HPS-3 manifests with mild hypopigmentation and bleeding. All types of HPS are diagnosed by whole mount electron microscopic demonstration of absent platelet dense bodies, and molecular diagnoses are available for the Puerto Rican HPS1 and HPS3 founder mutations. Mouse and Drosophila models provide candidates for new genes causing HPS in humans. These genes will reveal the pathways by which specialized vesicles of lysosomal lineage arise within cells.