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Microorganisms in the healthy upper reproductive tract: from denial to beneficial assignments for reproductive biology
Institution:1. Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156–83111, Iran;2. Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan;1. VID Specialized University, Faculty of Health studies, Oslo, Norway;2. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IRAS, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands;3. Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;4. New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland;5. Department of Women’s and Children´s Health, NORDFERTIL Research Lab, Stockholm, Sweden;6. Laboratory of Wild Animal Biology and Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil;7. Schothorst Feed Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands;8. The production animal experimental research centre (SHF), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Kettegård Alle 30, Hvidovre,2650, Denmark;2. The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark;3. The Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;1. Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;2. IVF & Andrology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saarland University, Homburg, Saar, Germany;1. Key Laboratory of Family Planning and Reproductive Genetics, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Shijiazhuang, 050071, China;2. College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China;1. Department of Genetic , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd,Iran;2. Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran;3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
Abstract:Contrary to the traditional assumption of a sterile uterus, the number of studies characterizing microbial entities in the healthy upper reproductive tract (endometrial cavity, including follicular fluid and placenta) have been on the increase. Substantial data has been accumulated correlating microbial composition with fertility outcome. In this context, the presence of certain taxa was associated to an improved reproductive success. A summarization for the evidence of these molecular mechanisms through which bacteria may affect developmental processes during pregnancy is presented and discussed with special focus placed upon the immunological aspects.
Keywords:Endometrial microbiome  Placental microbiome  Fertility  Next generation sequencing  Immunity in pregnancy
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