The epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase in liver epithelial cells. The effect of ligand-dependent changes in cellular location

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates the intrinsic tyrosine-specific protein kinase of its receptor (EGF-R). We studied the effect of EGF-dependent EGF-R internalization on receptor autophosphorylation and on the appearance of tyrosine phosphoproteins in rat liver epithelial cells. Peak receptor autophosphorylation activity (3- to 6-fold over basal) was found in homogenates of EGF-treated cells at times when the majority of receptors (greater than 90%) had been internalized but not yet degraded (15 to 30 min). Stimulated activity persisted for at least 2 h if EGF-R degradation was blocked by methylamine or 18 degrees C incubation. Detection of stimulated autophosphorylation in homogenates of cells treated with EGF in culture required detergent in the assay. Detergent was not necessary to detect stimulated autophosphorylation when EGF was added directly to homogenates of untreated cells. Immunoblots using antibodies against phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) demonstrated that EGF treatment of intact cells increased the p-Tyr content of at least seven proteins (EGF-R, 115, 100, 75, 66, 57, and 52 kDa) within 5 s. Incubation of intact cells with EGF at 0 degrees C to prevent endocytosis still resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of these seven proteins. In contrast, several substrates (120, 78, and 38 kDa) showed delayed increases (45-90 s) in tyrosine phosphorylation at 37 degrees C; their phosphorylation was even slower at 18 degrees C and did not occur at 0 degrees C. In cells incubated with EGF at 18 degrees C or in the presence of methylamine, EGF-R p-Tyr in the intact cell was lost by 2 h even though receptor was not degraded and still exhibited enhanced autophosphorylation in the homogenate assay. These findings suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation in response to EGF occurs predominantly during the initial stages of endocytosis and is mediated for the most part by ligand-receptor complexes at the cell surface. A subset of phosphorylations may require intracellular movement.