Differences in reproductive seasonality of the Central American cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus from three 'cenotes' (sinkholes)

A total of 966 cichlids, Cichlasoma urophthalmus , was sampled from three karstic water bodies ('cenotes') in the Yucatan Peninsula. Sex ratio was not different from 1. Specimens with ripe eggs were found during the dry and rainy seasons in the inland cenote and during the dry, rainy, and north winds seasons in the two wetland cenotes. With respect to relative fecundity, data show the C . urophthalmus inland population as two- to three-fold greater (53.1 ± 27.7) than the wetland populations (15.7 ± 5.1 and 18.2 ± 3.1). This is attributable to the different breeding strategies of C . urophthalmus populations inhabiting these two types of cenotes. In particular, the ichthyofauna from the two wetlands showed not only higher species richness (17 and 16 species) but also a higher number of potential predators (nine and eight species) as compared to the inland cenote (six species; two potential predators). It is hypothesized that C . urophthalmus adjusts its clutch size and extends its breeding periods as a response to riskier sites as compared to more secure ones; a higher competition for breeding sites and to increased fishing mortality.