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The emerging roles of nitric oxide (NO) in plant mitochondria |
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| Authors: | Kapuganti J. Gupta Abir U. IgamberdievGirigowda Manjunatha Shruthi SeguJose F. Moran Bagyalakshmi NeelawarneHermann Bauwe Werner M. Kaiser |
| Affiliation: | a Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Str 3, D-10859 Rostock, Germany b Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute for Biosciences, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany c Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1B 3X9, Canada d Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India e Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muhlenberg 1, 14476 Golm, Germany f Institute of Agri-Biotechnology, Public University of Navarre - CSIC - Government of Navarre, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, E-31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain g Department of Plant Pathology, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, 587 102 Karnataka, India |
| Abstract: | In recent years nitric oxide (NO) has been recognized as an important signal molecule in plants. Both, reductive and oxidative pathways and different subcellular compartments appear involved in NO production. The reductive pathway uses nitrite as substrate, which is exclusively generated by cytosolic nitrate reductase (NR) and can be converted to NO by the same enzyme. The mitochondrial electron transport chain is another site for nitrite to NO reduction, operating specifically when the normal electron acceptor, O2, is low or absent. Under these conditions, the mitochondrial NO production contributes to hypoxic survival by maintaining a minimal ATP formation. In contrast, excessive NO production and concomitant nitrosative stress may be prevented by the operation of NO-scavenging mechanisms in mitochondria and cytosol. During pathogen attacks, mitochondrial NO serves as a nitrosylating agent promoting cell death; whereas in symbiotic interactions as in root nodules, the turnover of mitochondrial NO helps in improving the energy status similarly as under hypoxia/anoxia. The contribution of NO turnover during pathogen defense, symbiosis and hypoxic stress is discussed in detail. |
| Keywords: | AOX, alternative oxidase BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin DAF-2DA, 4 5-diaminofluorescein diacetate GDC, glycine decarboxylase complex NOS, nitric oxide synthase smallcaps" >l-NAME, NG-nitro- smallcaps" >l-arginine methyl ester smallcaps" >l-NIL, smallcaps" >l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine acetate NO, nitric oxide NR, nitrate reductase NiR, nitrite reductase Nia, nitrate reductase gene NiNOR, nitrite: nitric oxide reductase ROS, reactive oxygen species SHAM, salicylhydroxamic acid |
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