Guard cell wall: immunocytochemical detection of polysaccharide components

The composition of guard cell walls in sugar beet leaves (Beta vulgaris L.) was studied by using histochemical staining and immunocytochemical detection of cell wall antigens. The findings were compared with those in the walls of epidermal and mesophyll cells. Probing of leaf sections with monoclonal antibodies against pectins, terminal fucosyl residues linked alpha-(1-->2) to galactose, beta-(1-->3)-glucans and arabinogalactan-proteins revealed several specific features of guard cells. Pectic epitopes recognized by JIM7 were homogeneously distributed in the wall, whereas pectins recognized by JIM5 were not found in the walls themselves, but were abundant in the cuticular layer. Large amounts of molecules bearing terminal fucose were located predominantly in ventral and lateral guard cell walls. Much smaller amounts were detected in dorsal walls of these cells, as well as in the walls of pavement and mesophyll cells. Conspicuous accumulation of these compounds was observed in the vicinity of the guard cell plasmalemma, whereas labelling was scarce in the areas of the wall adjacent to the cell surface. The presence of callose clearly marked the ventral wall between the recently formed, very young guard cells. Callose also appeared in some mature walls, where it was seen as punctate deposits that probably reflected a specific physiological state of the guard cells. Large amounts of arabinogalactan-proteins were deposited within the cuticle, and smaller amounts of these proteoglycans were also detected in other tissues of the leaf. The histochemical and immunocytochemical structure of the guard cell wall is discussed in the light of its multiple functions, most of which involve changes in cell size and shape.