Remotely sensed spectral heterogeneity as a proxy of species diversity: Recent advances and open challenges |
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| Authors: | Duccio Rocchini Niko Balkenhol Gregory A Carter Giles M Foody Thomas W Gillespie Kate S He Salit Kark Noam Levin Kelly Lucas Miska Luoto Harini Nagendra Jens Oldeland Carlo Ricotta Jane Southworth Markus Neteler |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Geography and Center for Geographic Information Science, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA;2. Institute for Great Lakes Research, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA;3. Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA;1. Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden;2. Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden;1. Geomatics and Landscape Ecology Laboratory, Departments of Biology & Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada;2. National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada;1. School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;2. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada;3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;4. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA |
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| Abstract: | Environmental heterogeneity is considered to be one of the main factors associated with biodiversity given that areas with highly heterogeneous environments can host more species due to their higher number of available niches. In this view, spatial variability extracted from remotely sensed images has been used as a proxy of species diversity, as these data provide an inexpensive means of deriving environmental information for large areas in a consistent and regular manner. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art in the use of spectral heterogeneity for estimating species diversity. We will examine a number of issues related to this theme, dealing with: i) the main sensors used for biodiversity monitoring, ii) scale matching problems between remotely sensed and field diversity data, iii) spectral heterogeneity measurement techniques, iv) types of species taxonomic diversity measures and how they influence the relationship between spectral and species diversity, v) spectral versus genetic diversity, and vi) modeling procedures for relating spectral and species diversity. Our review suggests that remotely sensed spectral heterogeneity information provides a crucial baseline for rapid estimation or prediction of biodiversity attributes and hotspots in space and time. |
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