Nitrogen Isotope Patterns in Alaskan Black Spruce Reflect Organic Nitrogen Sources and the Activity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Global patterns in soil, plant, and fungal stable isotopes of N (δ¹⁵N) show promise as integrated metrics of N cycling, particularly the activity of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. At small spatial scales, however, it remains difficult to differentiate the underlying causes of plant δ¹⁵N variability and this limits the application of such measurements to better understand N cycling. We conducted a landscape-scale analysis of δ¹⁵N values from 31 putatively N-limited monospecific black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in central Alaska to assess the two main hypothesized sources of plant δ¹⁵N variation: differing sources and ECM fractionation. We found roughly 20% of the variability in black spruce foliar N and δ¹⁵N values to be correlated with the concentration and δ¹⁵N values of soil NH₄ ⁺ and dissolved organic N (DON) pools, respectively. However, ¹⁵N-based mixing models from 24 of the stands suggested that fractionation by ECM fungi obscures the ¹⁵N signature of soil N pools. Models, regressions, and N abundance data all suggested that increasing dependence on soil DON to meet black spruce growth demands predicates increasing reliance on ECM-derived N and that black spruce, on average, received 53% of its N from ECM fungi. Future research should partition the δ¹⁵N values within the soil DON pool to determine how choice of soil δ¹⁵N values influence modeled ECM activity. The C balance of boreal forests is tightly linked to N cycling and δ¹⁵N values may be useful metrics of changes to these connections.