Recombination provides evidence for ancient hybridisation in the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Silene aegyptiaca</Emphasis> (Caryophyllaceae) complex

Recombination events among distinct alleles complicate phylogenetic estimation. Various in vivo and in vitro processes can bring distinct alleles into the same genome to then undergo recombination, which may subsequently mislead phylogenetic inference if not assessed properly. Among the processes bringing divergent alleles together, hybridisation is perhaps the simplest and most likely, but alternatives need to be considered before hybridisation can be accepted as the underlying cause. Such alternatives include the presence of paralogues or deeply coalescing alleles, as well as amplification artefacts. Here, we document a recombination event that apparently took place between two divergent lineages of the Silene aegyptiaca complex in the flowering plant family Caryophyllaceae. We evaluate several possible mechanisms that might be responsible for the observed pattern. An ancient introgressive hybridisation event was the simplest explanation for the observations, compatible with geographic proximity of the affected lineages, whereas paralogy and deep coalescence are difficult to reconcile with the evidence obtained from a species tree of the group based on six different, non-recombinant genes and gene trees inferred using two partitions of the recombinant locus.