A Comparative Study of Sex Ratio and Clutch Size in Gregarious Ichneumonoid Wasps

Some convincing support for sex ratio theory comes from the cross-species relationship between sex ratio and brood size in gregarious bethylid wasps (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), in which the proportion males declines as brood size increases as predicted under local mate competition. It is unknown how widely such relationships hold within parasitoid wasps as a whole. We assemble a dataset on sex ratio and brood size for gregarious Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. Their sex ratios deviate substantially from those of bethylids; sex ratios differ widely across species; and they are not significantly related to brood size across species. Several factors explain the heterogeneity in sex ratios including across-species differences in mating system, sex determining mechanism, and sexual asymmetries in larval competition and polyembryony leading to single-sexed broods.