A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA;2. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510, USA;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;4. CABI UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK;5. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;6. Department of Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA;7. Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA;8. Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108-1095, USA;9. Department of Biological Sciences, Box 870344/319 Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344, USA;10. ECORC, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, CEF, Neatby Building, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;11. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;12. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;13. USDA ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Bldg 011A Rm 319 BARC-WEST, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA;14. ABL Herbarium, Gerrit van der Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands;15. Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;p. Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;q. Department of Plant Pathology, 1453 Fifield Hall, Hull Road, P.O. Box 110680, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611-0680, USA;r. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;s. Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;t. Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;u. Departamento de Biología Vegetale II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;v. Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;w. Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA,;x. USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit, US Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-2901, USA;y. Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China;z. Institute of Botany and Ecology, Tartu University, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia;11. Microbial Properties Research, NCAUR, ARS, USDA, 1815 N.University Street, Peoria, IL 61604-3999, USA;12. Göteborg University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;13. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA;14. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5722, USA;15. Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820-6970, USA;16. Royal Ontario Museum, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, 100 Queen''s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada;17. Division of Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Middle Georgia College, 1100 Second Street, SE, Cochran, GA 31014-1599, USA;18. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 181 Riia Street Tartu, 51014, Estonia;19. Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA;110. Chemin des Vignes vielles, 84120, Mirabeau, France;111. Botanical Institute, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;112. CREM, SABT, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;113. Genetics Institute, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, D-80638 Munich, Germany;114. TechnoSuruga Co. Ltd, Tokyo Office, Ogawamachi Kita Building 4F, 1-8-3, Kanda Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan;115. Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 213 Biological and Geological Sciences Building, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada;1p. Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden;1q. Botany Department, Brandon University, 270-18th Street, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;1r. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverlieth Row, Edinburgh Eh3 5LR, UK;1s. Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College, 242 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;1t. Department of Biology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, S/N Building, Room 210, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA;1u. Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;1v. Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA;1. Biology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA;2. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, 45 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-6510, USA;3. Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;4. CABI UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK;5. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;6. Department of Botany, The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA;7. Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA;8. Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 1445 Gortner Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108-1095, USA;9. Department of Biological Sciences, Box 870344/319 Biology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0344, USA;10. ECORC, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, CEF, Neatby Building, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada;11. Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;12. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Uppsalalaan 8, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;13. USDA ARS Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, Bldg 011A Rm 319 BARC-WEST, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA;14. ABL Herbarium, Gerrit van der Veenstraat 107, NL-3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands;15. Botanical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;p. Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Strasse, D-35043 Marburg, Germany;q. Department of Plant Pathology, 1453 Fifield Hall, Hull Road, P.O. Box 110680, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611-0680, USA;r. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;s. Department of Plant Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;t. Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK;u. Departamento de Biología Vegetale II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain;v. Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;w. Department of Botany, The Field Museum, 1400 S Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, USA,;x. USDA-ARS Plant Protection Research Unit, US Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-2901, USA;y. Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China;z. Institute of Botany and Ecology, Tartu University, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia;11. Microbial Properties Research, NCAUR, ARS, USDA, 1815 N.University Street, Peoria, IL 61604-3999, USA;12. Göteborg University, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, P. O. Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden;13. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7534, USA;14. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5722, USA;15. Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820-6970, USA;16. Royal Ontario Museum, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, 100 Queen''s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada;17. Division of Natural Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Middle Georgia College, 1100 Second Street, SE, Cochran, GA 31014-1599, USA;18. Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 181 Riia Street Tartu, 51014, Estonia;19. Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646430, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, USA;110. Chemin des Vignes vielles, 84120, Mirabeau, France;111. Botanical Institute, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway;112. CREM, SABT, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;113. Genetics Institute, Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Maria-Ward-Strasse 1a, D-80638 Munich, Germany;114. TechnoSuruga Co. Ltd, Tokyo Office, Ogawamachi Kita Building 4F, 1-8-3, Kanda Ogawamachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0052, Japan;115. Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 213 Biological and Geological Sciences Building, 1151 Richmond Street North, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada;1p. Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden;1q. Botany Department, Brandon University, 270-18th Street, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada;1r. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverlieth Row, Edinburgh Eh3 5LR, UK;1s. Faculty of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College, 242 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA;1t. Department of Biology, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, S/N Building, Room 210, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA;1u. Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;1v. Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA;1. Department of International Trade, Inha University, Inharo 100, Nam-gu, Incheon 402-751, South Korea;2. College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Nanjing 211106, China;3. Research Centre for Soft Energy Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 29 Jiangjun Avenue, Nanjing 211106, China;1. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Popova 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia;2. Botany Unit (Mycology), Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland;3. Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main St, Worcester, 01610, MA, USA;2. Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, PO Box 7, 00014, Helsinki, Finland;3. Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden;4. Center for Forest Mycology Research, US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, 53726, WI, USA;5. Scotland''s Rural College, Edinburgh Campus, King''s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK;6. Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, NO 0318, Oslo, Norway;7. Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316, Oslo, Norway;1. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;2. School of Plant Sciences and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;3. Australia National Herbarium, CSIRO, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;1. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vietnam National University, E2, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet nam;2. Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan;1. Department of Biology, Clark University, 950 Main St, Worcester, 01610, MA, USA;2. Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | A comprehensive phylogenetic classification of the kingdom Fungi is proposed, with reference to recent molecular phylogenetic analyses, and with input from diverse members of the fungal taxonomic community. The classification includes 195 taxa, down to the level of order, of which 16 are described or validated here: Dikarya subkingdom nov.; Chytridiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota phyla nov.; Monoblepharidomycetes, Neocallimastigomycetes class. nov.; Eurotiomycetidae, Lecanoromycetidae, Mycocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov.; Acarosporales, Corticiales, Baeomycetales, Candelariales, Gloeophyllales, Melanosporales, Trechisporales, Umbilicariales ords. nov. The clade containing Ascomycota and Basidiomycota is classified as subkingdom Dikarya, reflecting the putative synapomorphy of dikaryotic hyphae. The most dramatic shifts in the classification relative to previous works concern the groups that have traditionally been included in the Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota. The Chytridiomycota is retained in a restricted sense, with Blastocladiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota representing segregate phyla of flagellated Fungi. Taxa traditionally placed in Zygomycota are distributed among Glomeromycota and several subphyla incertae sedis, including Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina, and Zoopagomycotina. Microsporidia are included in the Fungi, but no further subdivision of the group is proposed. Several genera of ‘basal’ Fungi of uncertain position are not placed in any higher taxa, including Basidiobolus, Caulochytrium, Olpidium, and Rozella. |
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| Keywords: | AFTOL Eumycota Lichens Molecular phylogenetics Mycota Nomenclature Systematics |
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