Linking frugivores to the dynamics of a fruit color polymorphism

Although fruit color polymorphisms are a widespread phenomenon, the role of frugivores in their maintenance is unknown. Selection would require that frugivores interact differentially with fruit color morphs to alter their relative fitnesses, but such a pattern has yet to be demonstrated. In a 3-yr field study, the interactions of ants and birds with Acacia ligulata, an Australian shrub with a red/yellow/ orange aril color polymorphism, were examined. Bird species fell into three feeding guilds: seed dispersers, seed predators, and aril thieves; ant species acted either as seed dispersers or aril thieves. While there was no evidence of morph bias in ants, in some years birds fed more frequently on the yellow and orange morphs. Based on patterns of seedling survival and juvenile recruitment in seed deposition sites, bird seed dispersers increased the fitness of yellow and orange morphs (relative to red) in some populations, but decreased their relative fitness in others. Bird seed predators uniformly reduced relative fitness of yellow and orange morphs, while bird aril thieves had unknown effects. Altogether, consumer biases produced spatiotemporal variability in the relative fitness of A. ligulata color morphs, a pattern qualitatively consistent with maintenance of the polymorphism.