Overgrowth of Caribbean octocorals by milleporid hydrocorals

On Caribbean reefs, colonies of the hydrocoral Millepora alcicornis are capable of pursuing and overgrowing arborescent octocorals (Wahle 1980 ). Nearly four decades since these interactions were described, we quantified arborescent octocorals encrusted by Millepora spp. (Linnaeus 1758) on shallow reefs in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands, and evaluated encrusted colonies for evidence of an origin through pursuit. In 2014, 8% of octocorals (n=1684 colonies) were encrusted by Millepora spp., and in 2015, 12% were encrusted (n=847 colonies). Millepora spp. encrusted colonies of 10 octocoral genera, and in 2014, the most frequently encrusted were Eunicea spp. (40% of encrusted octocorals); in 2015, the most frequently encrusted were Gorgonia spp. (46% of encrusted colonies). In both years, ≥67% of encrusted octocorals were >21 cm from other colonies of Millepora spp.; 7% of octocorals were >1.3 m from colonies of Millepora spp. in 2014; and 16% of octocorals were >2.0 m from colonies of Millepora spp. in 2015. Relative to the ~5% of octocorals encrusted by Millepora spp. in Jamaica in the late 1970s, a high percentage (~9%) of octocorals were encrusted by Millepora spp. in St. John in 2014 and 2015. The large distances from most encrusted octocorals to the nearest colonies of Millepora spp. in St. John are inconsistent with a hypothesized origin through pursuit, contact, and overgrowth (sensu Wahle 1980 ).