Subcompartments of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Anatomy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom;2. Hand and Peripheral Nerve Research Network Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, United Kingdom;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;1. Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, CA, USA;2. Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA, USA;3. Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, 1500 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA, USA;1. Université de Tunis El Manar, Laboratoire de Mécanique Appliquée et Ingénierie, École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia;2. Université de Tunis El Manar, École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis, LR-11-ES19 Laboratoire de Mécanique Appliquée et Ingénierie, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia;3. Université de Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, ICJ UMR5208, LaMCoS UMR5259, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France |
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| Abstract: | The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest continuous endomembrane structure in the cytoplasm. It may be viewed as a series of unique subcompartments. In this review, we examine the rough ER, nuclear envelope and several smooth ER subcompartments. Consideration is given to the characteristic properties and functions of the ER and its domains, and to the formation and maintenance of subcompartments. Associations within the ER membrane bilayer, and with constituents of the cytoplasm and the ER lumen, contribute to the formation of domains and lead to the establishment of subcompartments that reflect specialized functions and vary according to the physiologic state and phenotype of the individual cell. Although the structural complexity of some ER subcompartments (such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum) is highly elaborate, the ER remains a dynamic organelle, subject to assembly and disassembly, capable of extensive remodelling and active in exchange with other organelles through mechanisms of membrane transport. |
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