Flagellate spermatozoa of Protura (Insecta,Apterygota) are motile |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy;2. Shanghai Institute of Entomology, Academia Sinica, 225 Chongqing Road (S.), Shanghai 200025, China;1. Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France;2. Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France;3. Inserm U1170, Gustave Roussy Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94800 Villejuif, France;1. Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka 572-8508, Japan;2. Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;1. Urologic Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy;2. Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy;3. Centro Scienze Natalità, Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy;4. Exosomics Siena, Siena, Italy;5. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy;1. Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China;2. Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China |
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| Abstract: | A new model of sperm axoneme with 16 + 0 doublets is described. The spermatozoon of Acerentulus confinis (Apterygota : Protura) has a short conical acrosome, a long helicoidal nucleus, well-developed centriolar adjunct material, and a long flagellum. Using fixation with a glutaraldehyde-tannic acid mixture, without osmium post-fixation, doublet protofilaments, inner dynein arms, radial spokes, nexin bridges, and Y-links of the sperm axoneme of A. confinis and Acerentomon italicum were clearly observed. Optical observation shows that the proturan flagellate spermatozoa are motile cells. The process involving the transformation of the spermatozoa from a coiled to an elongated swimming form was studied by scanning electron microscope. The findings confirmed that flagellar motility is due to the presence of a single dynein arm on doublets in spite of the unusual axonemal pattern. |
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