Peptide selectivity between the PDZ domains of human pregnancy‐related serine proteases (HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3, and HtrA4) can be reshaped by different halogen probes

The human HtrA family of serine proteases (HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3, and HtrA4) are the key enzymes associated with pregnancy and closely related to the development and progression of many pathological events. Previously, it was found that halogen substitution at the indole moiety of peptide Trp‐1 residue can form a geometrically satisfactory halogen bond with the Drosophila discs large, zona occludens‐1 (PDZ) domain of HtrA proteases. Here, we attempt to systematically investigate the effect of substitution with 4 halogen types and 2 indole positions on the binding affinity and specificity of peptide ligands to the 4 HtrA PDZ domains. The complex structures, interaction energies, halogen‐bonding strength, and binding affinity of domain‐peptide systems were modeled, analyzed, and measured via computational modeling and fluorescence‐based assay. It is revealed that there is a compromise between the local rearrangement of halogen bond involving different halogen atoms and the global optimization of domain‐peptide interaction; the substitution position is fundamentally important for peptide‐binding affinity, while the halogen type can effectively shift peptide selectivity between the 4 domains. The HtrA1‐PDZ and HtrA4‐PDZ as well as HtrA2‐PDZ and HtrA3‐PDZ respond similarly to different halogen substitutions of peptide; –Br substitution at R2‐position and –I substitution at R4‐position are most effective in improving peptide selectivity for HtrA1‐PDZ/HtrA4‐PDZ and HtrA2‐PDZ/HtrA3‐PDZ, respectively; –F substitution would not address substantial effect on peptide selectivity for all the 4 domains. Consequently, the binding affinities of a native peptide ligand DSRIWWV^–COOH as well as its 4 R2‐halogenated counterparts were determined as 1.9, 1.4, 0.5, 0.27, and 0.92 μM, which are basically consistent with computational analysis. This study would help to rationally design selective peptide inhibitors of HtrA family members by using different halogen substitutions.