Integrating music in breathing training and relaxation: I. Background,rationale, and relevant elements

Quasiformal reports of widespread use of music in counterarousal techniques abound despite little evidence of its psychophysiological effects. Some known effects are presented here, and they suggest, among other things, an influence on hemispheric dominance, changes in autonomic nervous system activity, and relaxation by paradoxical arousal patterns contrary to those in cognitive function and anxiety. Hypothetical subcortical reflexes are postulated as mediators. Different types of music and their effect are described. Of particular relevance is that some forms of music have been reliably shown to have a profound beneficial effect on breathing.A number of references cited in this report are based on anecdotal observations lacking empirical validation and should be interpreted in that vein. I thank Cheryl Marant for bringining to my attention several important articles on music and stress.