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Genes Acquired by Horizontal Transfer Are Potentially Involved in the Evolution of Phytopathogenicity in Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri, Two of the Major Pathogens of Cacao |
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| Authors: | Ricardo Augusto Tiburcio Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle Jorge Maurício Costa Mondego Stephen C. Schuster John E. Carlson Mark J. Guiltinan Bryan A. Bailey Piotr Mieczkowski Lyndel W. Meinhardt Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira |
| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratório de Gen?mica e Express?o, Departamento de Genética, Evolu??o e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil 2. Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho em S?o Paulo, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6141, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil 3. Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agron?mico de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil 4. Departamento de Genética, Evolu??o e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil 5. Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA 6. School of Forest Resources, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA 7. Department of Horticulture, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA 8. Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Av., BARC-W, Beltsville, MD, 20740, USA 9. Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Mary Ellen Jones, Room 921, 27599-3280, Chapel Hill, NC, USA |
| Abstract: | Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri are phytopathogenic basidiomycete species that infect cacao causing two important diseases in this crop: “Witches’ Broom” and “Frosty Pod Rot”, respectively. The ability of species from this genus (Moniliophthora) to cause disease is exceptional in the family Marasmiaceae. Species in closely related genera including, Marasmius, Crinipellis, and Chaetocalathus, are mainly saprotrophs and are not known to cause disease. In this study, the possibility that this phytopathogenic lifestyle has been acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) was investigated. A stringent genome comparison pipeline was used to identify potential genes that have been obtained by Moniliophthora through HGT. This search led to the identification of three genes: a metallo-dependent hydrolase (MDH), a mannitol phosphate dehydrogenase (MPDH), and a family of necrosis-inducing proteins (NEPs). Phylogenetic analysis of these genes suggests that Moniliophthora acquired NEPs from oomycetes, MDH from actinobacteria and MPDH from firmicutes. Based on the known gene functions and on previous studies of M. perniciosa infection and development, a correlation between gene acquisition and the evolution of the phytopathogenic genus Moniliophthora can be postulated. |
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