Physiological changes and essential oil composition of clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) rosette leaves as affected by salinity

Since soil salinity is a widespread problem, we proposed to focus on its effect on seedling growth, mineral composition and particularly on essential oil composition known to be reliable to abiotic conditions. Clary sage seedlings were hydroponically cultivated under different salt concentrations (0, 25, 50, and 75 mM NaCl). The dry biomass and the mineral element contents were determined. The essential oils were extracted and analyzed by GC and GC–MS. Results showed that growth was reduced by 42% at 75 mM. This growth decrease was accompanied by a decrease in tissue hydration and a slight restriction in K⁺ uptake, as well as an increase in Na⁺ levels. Concerning essential oil yields, the application of 25 mM NaCl increased significantly the oil yield which decreased with increasing salt concentration. Besides, the chemical composition of clary sage was found to be also strongly affected by salt treatment since each salt concentration appeared to induce a different new chemotype in clary sage essential oil.