Loading Mode Interactions in Simulations of Long Bone Cross-Sectional Adaptation |
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Authors: | MARC E LEVENSTON GARY S BEAUPRÉ DENNIS R CARTER |
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Institution: | 1. RR&2. D Center. Veterans Affairs Medical Center , 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, 94304-1200;3. Biomechanical Engineering Division, Mechanical Engineering Department , Stanford University , 551 Terman Engineering Center, Stanford, CA, 94305-4021 |
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Abstract: | Although many bone adaptation theories have been formulated to address both trabecular and cortical adaptation, most applications have focused on trabecular adaptation. Thus far, no thorough investigations of the influence of different types of loading on predicted patterns of long bone cross-sectional adaptation have been reported. In the current study, we present a new model for long bone cross-sectional adaptation that incorporates axial, bending and torsional loading components. We found that bending moments have a strong potential to modulate cross-sectional geometry, but can produce unforseen (and unrealistic) geometric instabilities. Torsional moments have the ability to suppress these instabilities, suggesting that torsion may play a more significant role in guiding long bone development than previously recognized. Our results also call into question the concept of strict “remodeling equilibrium,” suggesting that long bones do not necessarily approach a state of uniform mechanical stimulation. This modeling approach provides an additional perspective on experimental studies, and may lead to a greater understanding of the interaction between mechanics and biology in long bone adaptation. |
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Keywords: | Bone adaptation simulation long bone bone remodeling shape adaptation |
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