Synaptonemal Complex Proteins: Specific Proteins of Meiotic Chromosomes

The review considers proteins of the synaptonemal complex (SC), a specific structure formed between homologous chromosomes in maturing germline cells during meiotic prophase I. The structure and functions are described for proteins that form ultrastructural SC elements in mammals, in yeast, and in higher plants. The roles of cohesins and of the SC proteins in meiotic sister-chromatid cohesion are considered. Though still scarce, data are summarized on the SC self-assembly and dissociation and on the molecular composition of SC-associated recombination nodules, which provide a compartment for meiotic recombination enzymes. The accumulating data on the SC molecular components and on their structure, properties, and interactions improve the understanding of the SC function.