Ramalin, a novel nontoxic antioxidant compound from the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata |
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Authors: | Babita Paudel Hari Datta Bhattarai Hye Yeon Koh Sung Gu Lee Se Jong HanHong Kum Lee Hyuncheol OhHyun Woung Shin Joung Han Yim |
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Affiliation: | a Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Incheon 406-840, South Korea b College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, South Korea c Department of Marine Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, South Korea |
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Abstract: | Ramalin (γ-glutamyl-N′-(2-hydroxyphenyl)hydrazide), a novel compound, was isolated from the methanol-water extract of the Antarctic lichen Ramalina terebrata by several chromatographic methods. The molecular structure of ramalin was determined by spectroscopic analysis. The experimental data showed that ramalin was five times more potent than commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) in scavenging 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydazil (DPPH) free radicals, 27 times more potent in scavenging 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid free radicals (ABTS+) than the vitamin E analogue, trolox, and 2.5 times more potent than BHT in reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+ ions. Similarly, ramalin was 1.2 times more potent than ascorbic acid in scavenging superoxide radicals and 1.25 times more potent than commercial kojic acid in inhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity, which ultimately leads to whitening of skin cells. Ramalin showed no or very little cytotoxicity in human keratinocyte and fibroblast cells at its antioxidant concentration. Furthermore, ramalin was assessed to determine its antioxidant activity in vivo. One microgram per milliliter ramalin significantly reduced the released nitric oxide (NO) and 0.125 μg/ml ramalin reduced the produced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-stimulated murine macrophage Raw264.7 cells. Considering all the data together, ramalin can be a strong therapeutic candidate for controlling oxidative stress in cells. |
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Keywords: | Ramalina terebrata 1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) Antioxidant Tyrosinase Raw264.7 |
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