国家公园旅游可持续性管理评估指标体系——以西藏色林错-普若岗日冰川国家公园潜在建设区为例

当前,国内外对于国家公园旅游可持续性的定义及其评估指标尚未形成共识,已有的部分指标存在可操作性较弱、管理成本较高等问题,无法直接应用于中国国家公园旅游可持续性的管理与评估。从三条路径构建国家公园旅游可持续性管理评估指标体系：以实际需求为导向,分析国家公园所在区域对旅游可持续性管理评估指标的需求;以国际共识为导向,检验《全球可持续旅游目的地标准》在国家公园的适用性;以实践为导向,梳理世界主要国家及地区国家公园旅游可持续性的管理重点。以色林错-普若岗日冰川国家公园（简称"色-普国家公园"）潜在建设区为例,建立国家公园旅游可持续性管理评估指标体系。从经济、社会、文化、生态环境等方面明确了色-普国家公园潜在建设区对管理评估指标体系的需求。经过适用性判定,识别在色-普国家公园潜在建设区具有较强适用性的可持续旅游目的地评估指标。通过频次统计,从经济、社会、文化、生态环境、制度建设等方面遴选世界主要国家及地区国家公园旅游可持续性的重点管理指标。所建立的色-普国家公园潜在建设区旅游可持续性管理评估指标体系包括5个一级指标,15个二级指标,36个三级指标。在此基础上,建议逐步建立健全监测与统计体系,为管理评估指标体系的应用提供支撑。

Evaluation indicator system of national park tourism sustainability management: a case study of Selin Co-Puruogangri Glacier in Tibet

At present, the domestic and overseas academic community has not reached a consensus on the definition of national park tourism sustainability and its evaluation indicators. Some existing indicators that have been applied to foreign national parks have problems like poor operability and high management cost. So they can''t be directly applied to the management and evaluation of the Chinese national park tourism sustainability. Therefore, in this paper, the authors established an evaluation indicator system of national park tourism sustainability management from three paths: 1) based on actual demand, the demand for tourism sustainability management evaluation indicators in the area where the national park is located is analyzed; 2) based on international consensus, the applicability of Global Sustainable Tourism Criteria for Destinations is tested; 3) based on practical experience, the management emphases for tourism sustainability of national parks in major nations and regions are summarized. Taking Selin Co-Puruogangri Glacier National Park potential construction area as an example, the national park tourism sustainability evaluation indicator system was established. From the aspects of economy, society, culture and ecological environment, the demand of the national park potential construction area for tourism sustainability evaluation indicators was analyzed. Through applicability judgment, the evaluation indicators with strong applicability of sustainable tourism destination for Selin Co-Puruogangri Glacier National Park potential construction area were identified. Through frequency statistics, the key management indicators of national park tourism sustainability in major nations and regions were selected from the aspects of economy, society, culture, ecological environment and system construction. The evaluation indicator system includes 5 first-level indicators, 15 second-level indicators and 36 third-level indicators. The evaluation indicator system has characteristics as follows: 1) systematic characteristic: the indicator system is clearly-classified, logically-clear, and has a strong integrity; 2) maneuverability characteristic: the indicator system has the availability of data and information in the Selin Co area, and will not significantly increase the management costs of national park management agencies; 3) regional characteristic: relevant indicators can reflect the typical regional characteristics of high altitude, low latitude, and ecological fragility, as well as Tibetan cultural characteristics; 4) representative characteristic: the indicator system not only reflects the international consensus of sustainable tourism destinations, but also absorbs the sustainability management experience of national park tourism in different nations and regions. The application of evaluation indicator system of national park tourism sustainability management should be supported by monitoring and statistical systems. Monitoring of number of tourists, rare and endemic species, water environment quality, vegetation coverage, and traditional building integrity should be further strengthened by Selin Co-Puruogangri Glacier National Park potential construction area. The statistical work on attributes of tourists, satisfaction of tourists, contributions of tourism to local economic and social developments, and the treatment rate of tourism waste should also be further strengthened by the potential construction area.