Association of mycoplasma with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines;2. Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil;3. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines;1. Institute for Cancer Epidemiology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany;2. Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, København, Denmark;1. Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;3. Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;4. Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya;5. University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States;6. Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda;7. Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda;8. Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States;1. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA;2. Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, UK;3. Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, USA;4. Oxford University Clinical Academic Graduate School, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK;1. Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA;2. Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes and Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;1. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;2. Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA;1. Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;2. Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA;3. Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;4. Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;5. Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;6. Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;7. Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA;8. Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA |
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| Abstract: | Mycoplasmas are emerging sexually transmitted pathogens usually associated with male urinary tract infection, non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), infertility, and prostate cancer. In this study, we review the evidence linking mycoplasma infection and prostate cancer. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis based on PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were reviewed through January 31, 2021. Studies were eligible for inclusion if odds ratio for prevalence or incidence of colonization and/or infection were provided or calculable. All included studies were evaluated independently by three reviewers. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for Case-Control Studies. Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager Version 5.4. A total of 183/744 (24.6 %) patients with prostate cancer compared to 87/495 (17.58 %) patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tested positive for Mycoplasma spp., while 86/666 (12.91 %) and 11/388 (2.84 %) prostate cancer patients and BPH patients, respectively, had Ureaplasma spp. infections. This meta-analysis showed that prostate cancer patients had 2.24 times higher odds (p = 0.0005) of being colonized with any species of Mycoplasma spp. and 3.6 times increased odds (p = 0.008) of being colonized with any species of Ureaplasma spp. In conclusion, patients with prostate cancer were more likely to be colonized with Mycoplasma spp. or Ureaplasma spp. compared to patients with BPH, which highlights the potential association between chronic infection and cancer. However, more studies are needed to determine the specific role that mycoplasma plays in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. |
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| Keywords: | Mycoplasma Benign prostatic hypertrophy Inflammation Sexually transmitted infection Prostate cancer |
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