Opium use as an independent risk factor for pancreatic cancer: A case-control study |
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| Institution: | 1. Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;2. The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran;3. Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;4. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran;5. Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;6. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman, Iran;7. Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran;1. Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda;2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;3. Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya;4. Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya;5. University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States;6. Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda;7. Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, Mbarara, Uganda;8. Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States;1. Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA;2. Data Analytics Branch, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA;3. Biostatistics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA;4. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA;1. Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;2. Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA;5. Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA;1. University of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchou Avenue, Ioannina 45110, Greece;2. Gustave Roussy, Département de médecine oncologique, F-94805 Villejuif, France;3. Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 166830, Lebanon;4. Department of Medical Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium;5. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;6. King’s College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, SE1 9RT London, UK;7. Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, Kent ME7 5NY, UK;8. AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece;9. School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA;1. School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia;2. Department of Population Health, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland, Australia;1. Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia;2. School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia;3. Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia;4. University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, \"Exposome and Heredity\" team, CESP UMR1018, 94805, Villejuif, France;5. Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (DISIA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy;6. University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;7. Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;8. Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Australia;9. University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South Australia, Australia;10. Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;11. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Australia;12. Eastern Health, Victoria, Australia;13. Hereditary Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia / Prince of Wales Clinical School UNSW, Australia;14. University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia;15. Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia;p. Genomic Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia;q. Department of Medicine, RMH, The University of Melbourne, Australia |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundPancreatic cancer (PC) is ranked as the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The current study was conducted to explore the correlation between the use of opium and its derivatives (opium) and PC in Iran.MethodsIn this case-control study which was conducted in Kerman province, south east part of Iran; 176 patients with PC, and 352 healthy individuals as the control group were matched in terms of age, sex, and place of residence. A structured questionnaire including questions of opium usage, alcohol usage, cigarette smoking, and diet was used to collect the data. The relation between the use of opium and PC was adjusted for tobacco smoking, education, daily intake of fruit, vegetables, red meat, and hydrogenated fats and analyzed using the conditional logistic regression.ResultsThere was a positive relationship between the opium use and the increased risk of PC (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 4.33, 95 % CI: 2.09–8.95), which was even stronger than its association with cigarette smoking (AOR = 1.67, 95 % CI: 0.86–3.24), although their difference was not statistically significant. A significant dose-response relation was detected between the use of opium; as the relation was stronger in heavy users (AOR low users = 4.93, 95 % CI: 1.79–13.54 and AOR heavy users = 5.10, 95 % CI: 2.10?12.35). Moreover, PC was higher among participants starting the use of opium at a younger age than those who started opium at an older age (AOR = 8.03, 95 % CI: 3.19–20.23).ConclusionThis study demonstrated that opium use is associated with a high and strong risk of PC as an independent risk factor. Further studies should be done to reduce the use of opium in Iran and other world countries. |
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| Keywords: | Case-control Opium Risk factor Pancreatic neoplasms Iran |
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