Novel paradigms of innate immune sensing of viral infections |
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| Institution: | 1. Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan;2. Biochemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt;3. Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya 466-8550 Japan;1. Department of Radiology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea;1. Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France;2. Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France;3. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France;4. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France;5. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Départementd’Hématologie et d’Immunologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France;6. Univ Paris-Sud, UFR Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;7. Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1160, Paris, France;8. Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Université d’Hématologie, Paris, France;9. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Hématologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France;10. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France;11. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Centre des Innovations Thérapeutiques en Oncologie et Hématologie, Paris, France;12. Hôpital Foch, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et de Transplantation Pulmonaire, Suresnes, France;13. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, France;1. Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Dermatologia, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;2. Unità operativa di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Diagnostica per Immagini e Medicina di Laboratorio, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Arcispedale S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy |
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| Abstract: | According to the existing paradigm, cellular recognition of viral infection is mediated by molecular patterns within the virus particle or produced during virus replication. However, there are various physical cellular changes indicative of infection that could also trigger innate antiviral responses. The type-I interferon response is rapidly engaged to limit viral infection and a number of studies have shown that the interferon response, or components of it, are induced by general perturbations to cellular processes. Virus entry requires membrane and cytoskeletal perturbation, and both membrane fusion or actin depolymerising agents alone are able to activate antiviral genes. Viruses cause cellular stress and change the cellular environment, and oxidative stress or endoplasmic reticulum stress will amplify antiviral signaling. Many of these responses converge on interferon regulatory factor 3, suggesting that it plays a crucial role in determining the degree to which the cell responds. This review highlights novel paradigms of viral recognition and speculates that viral infection is sensed as a danger signal. |
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| Keywords: | Virus Innate immunity Recognition Interferon Interferon regulatory factor 3 |
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