Geographic structure with no evidence for host-associated lineages in European populations of Lysiphlebus testaceipes,an introduced biological control agent |
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Affiliation: | 1. Department of Plant Pests, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, Serbia;2. Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;3. Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 8 Stefanou Delta str., 14561 Kifissia, Attica, Greece;4. Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic;5. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia;6. Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;7. EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;1. Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;2. Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;1. Department of Entomology and Nematology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;2. Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;3. Eden Experimental Farm, Bet Shean Valley 11710, Israel;1. Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Apatzingán, Apatzingán, Michoacán, Mexico;2. USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL 32604, USA;3. Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Km 2.5 Antigua Carretera a Coatepec, Apartado Postal 63, 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico;4. Campo Experimental Mocochá, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Yucatán, Mexico;1. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya;2. Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;1. Biometris, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Farming Systems Ecology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands;3. Crop Systems Analysis Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands;4. Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China;5. Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China |
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Abstract: | Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cress.) is an aphidiine parasitoid originally introduced to Europe as a biological control agent of citrus aphids in the Mediterranean. It has rapidly become widespread in coastal areas continuing gradually to expand inland. L. testaceipes exploited a large number of aphids in Europe, including new hosts and significantly changed the relative abundance of the native parasitoids. This behavior may reflect a broad oligophagy of the introduced parasitoid or it may require the evolution of host specialization that results in genetically differentiated subpopulations on different hosts. To address this issue we used the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and seven microsatellite loci to analyze the structure of genetic variation for L. testaceipes samples collected from 12 different aphid hosts across seven European countries, as well as some samples from Benin, Costa Rica, USA, Algeria and Libya for comparison. Only five COI haplotypes with moderate divergence were identified overall. There was no evidence for the association of haplotypes with different aphid hosts in the European samples, but there was geographic structuring in this variation. Haplotype diversity was highest in France, where L. testaceipes was introduced, but only a single haplotype was detected in areas of south-eastern Europe that were invaded subsequently. The analysis of microsatellite variation confirmed the lack of host-associated genetic structure, as well as differentiation between populations from south-western and south-eastern Europe. The parasitoid L. testaceipes in Europe is thus an opportunistic oligophagous species with a population structure shaped by the processes of introduction and expansion rather than by host exploitation. |
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Keywords: | Microsatellite Cytochrome oxidase I Biological control Parasitoids |
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