New synthetic indicators to assess community resilience and restoration success |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Université d’Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, UMR CNRS/IRD 7263/237 Institut Méditerrannéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie, France;2. Centre de recherche de la Tour du Valat, France;3. Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées, École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France;1. Department of Building Construction, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;2. Global Forum on Urban and Regional Resilience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 204060, USA;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA;1. CONACYT Research Fellow, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C. (IPICYT), Department of Environmental Sciences. Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ta Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico;2. Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C. (IPICYT), Department of Environmental Sciences. Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Colonia Lomas 4ta Sección, C.P. 78216, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico;3. Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Km. 14.5 Carretera San Luis-Matehuala, Apdo. Postal 32, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, C.P. 78321, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico;1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology, Germany;2. Heidelberg University, South Asia Institute, Germany;3. Auburn University, Department of Geosciences, USA;4. Global Earthquake Model Foundation, Italy;1. ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France;2. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA;3. Institut de Biologie de l’École normale supérieure, Mathematical Ecology and Evolution team, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;4. ESPCI Paris, Laboratoire de Génétique de l’Évolution, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;1. Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA;2. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain;3. Department of Didactics of Mathematics and Experimental Science, Faculty of Education, Philosophy and Anthropology (UPV/EHU), Donostia, Spain |
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| Abstract: | The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 sets as an objective the restoration of 15% of degraded ecosystems by 2020. This challenge raises at least two major questions: (i) How to restore and (ii) how to measure restoration success of said ecosystems? Measurement of restoration success is necessary to assess objective achievement and to adjust management with regard to objectives. Numerous studies are being conducted to try to work out synthetic indices to assess ecosystem diversity or integrity in the context of global change. Nevertheless, at the community level, there is no index that allows the assessment of community integrity regarding its restoration or resilience, despite the fact that a lot of indicators are used such as species richness, Shannon diversity, multivariate analyses or similarity indices. We have therefore developed two new indices giving new insights on community states: the first index, coined as the Community Structure Integrity Index, measures the proportion of the species abundance in the reference community represented in the restored or degraded community, and the second index, coined as the Higher Abundance Index, measures the proportion of the species abundance in the restored or degraded community which is higher than in the reference community. We illustrate and discuss the use of these new indices with three examples: (i) fictitious communities, (ii) a recent restoration (2 years) of a Mediterranean temporary wetland (Camargue in France) in order to assess restoration efficiency, and (iii) a recently disturbed pseudo-steppe plant community (La Crau area in France) in order to assess natural resilience of the plant community. The indices provide summarized information on the success of restoration or on the resilience of the plant community, which both appear less positive than with standard indicators already used. The indices also provide additional insights useful for management purposes: the Community Structure Integrity Index can indicate whether the improving target species abundance is needed or not while the Higher Abundance Index can indicate whether controlling the high abundance of some species is needed in order to approach a reference ecosystem. These relatively simple indices developed on community composition and structure state can provide a base to further indices focusing on ecosystem functioning or services not only calculating values as a static point but also its temporal or spatial dynamic. |
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