Genetic structure at patch level of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon luteoalbus (Orchidaceae) in a fragmented cloud forest

Genetic differentiation in space can be detected at various scales. First, habitat fragmentation can produce a mosaic genetic structure. Second, life history aspects of a species such as dispersion, mating system, and pollination can generate a genetic structure at a finer level. The interplay of these levels has rarely been studied together. In order to assess the effects of forest fragmentation we analyzed the genetic structure at two spatial scales of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon luteoalbus, which lives in patches inside forest fragments in a cloud forest of eastern Mexico. We hypothesized high differentiation between forest fragments and strong spatial genetic structure within fragments under this scenario of strong fragmentation and restricted dispersal patterns. Using 11 allozymic loci we found high genetic diversity at fragment level with moderate differentiation among fragments, and at patch level, strong and variable spatial genetic structure among life cycle stages with high inbreeding coefficients. We also found bottlenecks indicating recent population size reductions. While both inbreeding and restricted seed dispersal may explain the strong spatial genetic structure at patch level, reduction in population size may explain the genetic structure at fragment level. However, the levels of genetic diversity indicate that some between-fragment gene flow has occurred. Bottlenecks and high inbreeding at patch level may result in local extinctions, but as long as an important number of fragments remain, patch recolonization through immigration is possible in C.?luteoalbus.