异体自噬的操控:病原微生物对宿主翻译后修饰的调节作用

自噬是一种广泛存在于真核细胞中的溶酶体依赖性分解代谢途径,涉及细胞分化、饥饿耐受和免疫防御等生物学功能.其中,异体自噬被定义为真核细胞特异性识别并清除胞内病原微生物的过程,是免疫细胞行使宿主防御的重要方式.然而,许多病原微生物已经"开发"了特殊的毒力因子(包括效应蛋白质和表面蛋白质等),衍生出多种逃避或劫持自噬作用的策...

Manipulation of Xenophagy:Pathogens Regulate Post-translational Modification of Host

Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent catabolic pathway that is widely present in eukaryote and involved in multiple biological functions,such as cytodifferentiation,starvation tolerance and immune defense.Specially,the autophagy process that recognizes and eliminates intracellular pathogens is defined as xenophagy,which is a vital way for immune cells to execute host defense.However,pathogens have evolved several strategies to cope with xenophagy via distinct types of virulence factors(effectors,surface proteins,etc.).Studies have shown that the autophagy regulatory signals are sophisticated,which are precisely directed by a variety of autophagy related proteins(ATG proteins).It has been proved that the key steps of autophagy undergo extensive protein post-translational modifications(PTMs),such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation,and ubiquitination/deubiquitination,etc.These modifications endow the autophagy regulation with a high degree of dynamics and reversibility via affecting the structure,stability,activity and location of the proteins.Recently,some virulence factors were found to hijack PTMs of the ATG proteins and then affect host autophagy related pathways,thereby resisting xenophagy and promoting pathogens’survival in the host cell.This review summarizes the current knowledge of PTMs in xenophagy,especially the mechanisms that pathogens manipulate host xenophagy through PTMs,providing a guidance for exploring xenophagy intervention strategies and controlling infectious diseases.