Cytosolic phospholipase A2 translocates to forming phagosomes during phagocytosis of zymosan in macrophages

Resident tissue macrophages mediate early innate immune responses to microbial infection. Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) is activated in macrophages during phagocytosis of non-opsonized yeast (zymosan) triggering arachidonic acid release and eicosanoid production. cPLA(2)alpha translocates from cytosol to membrane in response to intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) increases. Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-cPLA(2)alpha translocated to forming phagosomes, surrounding the zymosan particle by 5 min and completely overlapping with early endosome (Rab5) and plasma membrane (F4/80) markers but only partially overlapping with resident endoplasmic reticulum proteins (GRP78 and cyclooxygenase 2). EGFP-cPLA(2)alpha also localized to membrane ruffles during phagocytosis. Zymosan induced an initial high amplitude calcium transient that preceded particle uptake followed by a low amplitude sustained calcium increase. Both phases were required for optimal phagocytosis. Extracellular calcium chelation prevented only the sustained phase but allowed a limited number of phagocytic events, which were accompanied by translocation of cPLA(2)alpha to the phagosome although [Ca(2+)](i) remained at resting levels. The results demonstrate that cPLA(2)alpha targets the phagosome membrane, which may serve as a source of arachidonic acid for eicosanoid production.